Internationale pantservoertuigen APC IFV ontwikkelingen

[Huzaar1]

Boxer is te duur blijkbaar.

[Harald]

Germany to purchase up to 900 Fuchs 6x6 armored personnel carriers

.../...

the government intends to confirm an order for as many as 900 Fuchs 6x6 armored personnel carriers (APCs), with a projected value of up to €4 billion. These vehicles, produced by Rheinmetall Landsysteme GmbH, are expected to be delivered starting in 2025, aiming to enhance the mobility and protection of Germany's ground forces.

Approval from the lower house of Germany's parliament is necessary for the procurement plans to proceed, which follow the country's response to the Ukraine conflict. Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced a special €100 billion fund for military spending, which is in addition to the regular annual defense budget of approximately €52 billion. This funding has allowed Germany to achieve NATO's defense spending target of at least 2% of its gross domestic product annually, a goal set in 2006, for the first time.

The commitment to maintain this level of spending is set to continue even after the special fund runs out in 2027. The reapplication of a constitutional borrowing limit, which was suspended during the Covid-19 pandemic and the energy crisis, is anticipated to introduce financial limitations. However, Germany's Finance Minister Christian Lindner has informed cabinet members that the defense budget will be maintained at its current level for the following year, while other ministries will need to decrease their spending.

As part of this €7 billion modernisation strategy, the German army appears to be focusing on improving its fleet of armored personnel carriers (APCs), and more specifically the Fuchs 6x6. The Fuchs 1 is a German 6x6 armored personnel carrier known for its adaptability since its introduction in 1979. Originally developed by Daimler-Benz and further advanced by Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles (RMMV), the Fuchs was among the early wheeled armored vehicles in service with the Bundeswehr, the West German military. It possesses amphibious capabilities and has been utilized in various roles, including troop transport, engineer transport, bomb disposal, and as a platform for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) reconnaissance and electronic warfare. Over time, the Fuchs has undergone upgrades, including the Fuchs 2 and the Fuchs A9.

The Fuchs 2, succeeding the original model, was introduced in the early 2000s, showcasing advancements such as increased payload capabilities, a higher rear crew compartment for added space, and a more powerful engine meeting lower emission standards. This version is capable of carrying heavier loads and features modern digital systems and upgraded drive and brake components to match its increased power and weight specifications. These improvements cater to a broad range of military needs, extending its serviceability and functionality on the battlefield. The vehicle has seen service with various armed forces worldwide and has participated in international operations, including in the Middle East and Kosovo.

The latest iteration in this line, the Fuchs A9 High Roof, also known as Fuchs Evolution, introduced by Rheinmetall during the Eurosatory 2022 exhibition, brings further enhancements, particularly in mobility, protection, and payload capabilities. It features a new powerpack, digital electrical vehicle architecture, and a high roof design providing the largest possible interior volume for various mission kits. Designed to address the aging Fuchs fleet and potentially extend its operational life beyond 2040, the Fuchs A9 offers configurations such as a Command Post and an armored ambulance. The vehicle incorporates an advanced 360-degree panoramic vision system, substantially improving the crew's situational awareness. Additionally, the Fuchs A9 High Roof is equipped with a new armor package to better protect against modern ballistic threats and IEDs.

https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_april_2024_global_security_army_industry/germany_to_purchase_up_to_900_fuchs_6x6_armored_personnel_carriers.html

[Harald]

BAE Systems receives contract for second phase of full-rate AMPV production

BAE Systems has received a USD 754 million (EUR 697 million) contract award to continue producing the Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV) family of vehicles for the US Army, the company announced on 28 March 2024.

This contract begins the second phase of full-rate production of AMPVs between March 2026 and February 2027.

The AMPV family of vehicles replaces the variants of the US Army's Vietnam War-era M113-based fleet of vehicles, modernising the force and providing critical survivability, mobility, and interoperability upgrades to the army's Armored Brigade Combat Teams (ABCTs).

"It's crucial that we continue to replace the M113s, and that we do it at a pace that ensures soldiers are unmatched on the modern battlefield," Bill Sheehy, BAE Systems' AMPV programme director, was quoted as saying in a company press release. "We are fully committed to continue our swift work with the army to produce high-quality AMPVs at an increased and sustained rate for soldiers.

"This next phase for AMPV furthers our joint efforts to equip the ABCT with a combat platform that helps them successfully achieve missions they'll encounter today and decades from now, in addition to having a highly capable vehicle that can manoeuvre with the fleet in the toughest terrains out there," Sheehy added.

Currently produced in five variants – general-purpose, mortar carrier, medical evacuation, medical treatment and mission command – the AMPV operates in various roles and features hulls that will serve as the foundation for upgrades to new mission roles in the future.

Meanwhile, BAE Systems continues to develop the AMPV platform, with investments underway to create a more modular chassis that will allow for quick integration of next-generation technologies and capabilities to support potential future customer needs.

The US Army first awarded BAE Systems the AMPV engineering and manufacturing development contract in 2014 and signed a low-rate initial production contract in 2018. This most recent milestone follows the programme's full-rate production contract award in August 2023.

BAE Systems announced new investments by the company and the US Army to expand its AMPV production line in York, Pennsylvania, last year.

"Investment in AMPV production expansion ensures that BAE Systems has the capacity and technology necessary to deliver capability to the US government at a faster rate while strengthening the combat vehicle industrial base," the company stated.

Most recently, the AMPV line received an additional robotic weld capability that further increases quality throughput during the manufacturing process and makes room to expand production to meet growing demand.

https://euro-sd.com/2024/04/major-news/37343/second-phase-of-ampv-frp/

[pz]

    zoiets als een G5 SPAAG  of zo

In die richting ja, maar ook als ondersteunend voertuig. Voertuig biedt veel mogelijkheden tegen schappelijke prijs.

[Harald]

Is mij bekend, viste naar andere info 

    zoiets als een G5 SPAAG  of zo

[pz]

Ja, zijn toch bekend. We schaffen de PMMC G5 aan. Komt o.a middel en korte afstand luchtverdediging op.

Is mij bekend, viste naar andere info 

[Huzaar1]

Heeft Nederland plannen ? Boxer is relatief duur platform.

Ja, zijn toch bekend. We schaffen de PMMC G5 aan. Komt o.a middel en korte afstand luchtverdediging op.

[pz]

Gaat het nooit redden met de nog meer veelzijdige PMMC G5 lijkt me.

Heeft Nederland plannen ? Boxer is relatief duur platform.

[pz]

Uiterste geval wordt XM30 (ex OMFV) project gecanceld (opvolger Bradley) en krijgen een AMPV variant.
Dat project is al een paar keer gestopt en gestart.

[Harald]

   Wordt de AMPV de M113/YPR van de jaren 60, 70, 80, 90 ?

[Huzaar1]

Gaat het nooit redden met de nog meer veelzijdige PMMC G5 lijkt me.

[pz]

BAE Systems showcases latest Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle prototype at AUSA Global Force

https://www.baesystems.com/en-us/article/bae-systems-showcases-latest-armored-multi-purpose-vehicle-prototype-at-ausa-global-force#

BAE Systems is showcasing its future-driven Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV) prototype configured with the External Mission Equipment Package (ExMEP) at the 2024 AUSA Global Force Symposium. ExMEP, also described as the universal top plate, provides a common integration point across all AMPV hull structures to allow for seamless and modernized technology enhancements. This prototype marks the third successful capability combination in the last six months.
 
The AMPV's ExMEP is capable of adapting to more than 30 turret systems and builds on the vehicles modular approach enabling the rapid integration of new mission roles into the AMPV family of vehicles. The latest prototype features Elbit America's UT30, a 30mm unmanned turret. BAE Systems also fully integrated and successfully demonstrated a C-UAS prototype in November 2023 prior to delivering a 120mm unmanned Turreted Mortar capability to the U.S. Army in January 2024—all utilizing the ExMEP design.
 
"I was one of those Soldiers in the battlefield, so I can tell you firsthand how critical it is to field modern capabilities quickly," said Bill Sheehy, AMPV program director for BAE Systems. "Keeping pace with the rapidly evolving threats on the battlefield is the objective of the AMPV with ExMEP."
 
The newest prototype demonstrates the capabilities of ExMEP and the options it provides the Soldiers for rapid integration of next-generation technology onto an already-proven hull. The purpose-built platform exemplifies many opportunities for future capability configurations for the Army and its allies.
 
The AMPV prototype will be on display at booth 321. For those not attending Global Force, learn more about AMPV and ExMEP here:

[Harald]

Schweden kauft über 300 Patria 6×6
https://soldat-und-technik.de/2024/03/mobilitaet/37435/schweden-kauft-ueber-300-patria-6x6/

Het Zweedse Defensie Procurement Agency (FMV) heeft een contract getekend voor de aankoop van 321 zeswielige pantservoertuigen van het internationale defensie- en technologiebedrijf Patria. De order heeft een waarde van ongeveer 470 miljoen euro en is een van de grootste die Patria ooit in Zweden heeft voltooid, aldus het bedrijf.

De 321 voertuigen, in Zweden bekend als Pansarterrängbil 300, zullen worden gestationeerd bij het Livgardet-regiment in Kungsängen en bij verschillende andere eenheden in het hele land. Patria heeft al twintig 6×6-voertuigen geleverd, besteld onder een afzonderlijk contract dat in april 2023 werd ondertekend.

De geleverde Patria 6×6-voertuigenset is het troepentransportmodel, dat de modernste voertuigtechnologie en de modernste bescherming biedt voor maximaal twaalf bemanningsleden. Het voertuig is modulair opgebouwd en kan voor uiteenlopende doeleinden worden geconfigureerd. Naast troepentransport wordt het in Zweden ook gebruikt voor commando- en ambulancetaken en vormt het een belangrijke hoeksteen voor de toenemende Zweedse defensiecapaciteit.

Het Patria 6×6-voertuig is geselecteerd als platform voor een uniek Common Armoured Vehicle System (CAVS)-samenwerkingsprogramma tussen verschillende Europese landen, waaraan Finland, Letland, Zweden en Duitsland al hebben deelgenomen. Finland kocht in januari 2024 nog eens 40 6×6-voertuigen, wat het totale aantal Finse aankopen op 131 brengt. Zweden sloot zich in 2022 aan bij het 6×6 onderzoeks- en ontwikkelingsprogramma.

[Harald]

Beachheads and amphibious armour

Establishing a beachhead is the defining component of an amphibious assault. Fail, and the following forces may have to find an alternate landing site or fight their way onto shore. Succeed and it is possible to achieve surprise at scale, which has been identified as an important component of military success.[1]

The impact a successful amphibious assault can achieve was demonstrated on D-Day, of course, but also at the Battle of Inchon in the Korean War.[2] Amphibious armour can play a useful role in establishing and securing a beachhead; they can carry firepower to support an assault, as China's ZTD-05 does with its 105 mm gun, and provide armour to increase survivability of assaulting infantry like the Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV)-7. However, amphibious armour carries additional compromises on top of those inherent in conventional armoured fighting vehicle (AFV) design. This piece will examine the design of amphibious armoured vehicles, and how they are developing to meet the evolving battlespace.

Defining amphibious AFVs
For the purposes of this article, an amphibious AFV is regarded as a vehicle with a ship-to-shore capability. It may not always be used, but it essentially requires an AFV that is not just able to float, but float for many hours and navigate open ocean, surf and potentially challenging terrain upon reaching the shore. This typically means that it can be launched from a larger vessel such as the US Navy's America class or Turkey's Landing Helicopter Dock (LHD) TCG Anadolu. Generally speaking; amphibious operations are enabler-intensive; they require a lot of firepower, valuable vessels coming within very close proximity to land, and many specialised platforms with restricted utility in other scenarios. This may be the reason that they are a relatively rare commodity amongst the world's AFVs.

Historically, the AAV7 and its variants represent arguably the most successful design, with 12 users and more than 1,000 vehicles sold. However, more modern designs have emerged since, including the ACV from Iveco and BAE Systems, which is due to replace the AAV7 in USMC service, China's Norinco ZBD-05 family, which has been exported as the VN16 to Thailand and Venezuela, and the Zaha – a domestic design from Turkey's FNSS.


A Bradley exits the water in 1981 with its trim vane deployed. The trim vane was removed in the upgrade to the M2A2 standard, which added additional spaced armour.

The above definition excludes vehicles that are technically amphibious such as the BMP-2. The BMP-2, as originally envisaged, could raise a trim vane at the front of its hull and navigate bodies of water using its tracks for propulsion at a speed of 7 km/h. However, it is primarily designed to use this capability to cross inland bodies of water and is less capable of conducting a ship-to-shore operation. Its low speed can lead to challenges in fast-flowing rivers, however, its ability to cross a river with relatively little preparation, theoretically enables a Russian motorised rifle formation to quickly seize a bridgehead on the opposite side of a river using its BMP-2s and prepare for its tanks to join after snorkelling across on the riverbed.[3] Many other Cold War era vehicles had similar capabilities, the original M113 is one example and even the M2 Bradley was technically amphibious at the beginning, however, subsequent up-armouring has effectively removed this capability.[4] In any case, these kinds of vehicles are not well suited for the kind of ship-to-shore operations considered here.

Building amphibious fighting vehicles
Amphibious vehicles tread an awkward line in AFV design. Where standard AFVs must balance mobility, firepower, and lethality, an amphibious AFV must balance all of this with the often-contradictory challenges of having to float and steer in water. The design characteristics that make a vehicle perform well on land; a vehicle length-to-track centre ratio of ~1.6, a sloped glacis, and others, are not correlated with good performance at sea.[5] An amphibious vehicle must be watertight and be able to transition from a ship's well deck to the sea without sinking. This requires a buoyancy reserve of at least 25% of the vehicle's weight. Ideally, an amphibious vehicle will also be able to self-recover if it rolls 100°, a non-amphibious but water capable vehicle for comparison, should be able to pitch or roll between 5° and 15° without flooding its engine.[6] An amphibious vehicle also needs to be able to turn quickly within its own length and navigate a 'plunging surf' with waves up to 3.6 m.

The vehicle should also have two propulsion systems: its tracks or wheels for operation on land, and a system for propulsion at sea. The design also needs to minimise drag in the water, but external appendages such as wheels and tracks add a lot of drag. Some vehicles are propelled by their wheels or tracks, which produces a relatively slow water speed that can be estimated by . Put more simply, it is rare for a vehicle using its wheels or tracks to exceed 10 km/h at sea. True amphibious vehicles typically employ water jets or propellers for propulsion and aim to exceed this by some margin. The former method takes up additional space inside the vehicle, the latter adds drag to the outside. However, water jets generally provide greater speed and manoeuvrability at sea.[7]

The requirements for amphibious AFVs are therefore complicated to a further degree than conventional AFVs. Consider, for example, the impact of protection requirements on an amphibious vehicle. The greater the protection, the greater the vehicle weight. This naturally equates to the requirement for additional automotive performance as it would on land; however, it may also increase vehicle size as the total volume must increase to maintain buoyancy. This in turn will impact manoeuvrability at sea and on land.

Modern amphibious contenders


The Zaha is designed to be used in conjunction with Turkey's TCG Anadolu. It is likely that it will operate alongside uncrewed aerial platforms launched from the LHD.

Turkey revealed the Zaha amphibious assault vehicle at IDEF in 2019 after signing a contract with the Turkish Ministry of Defence in 2017. Turkey has procured 27 Zahas, 23 of them in the APC role, two as command vehicles and two as recovery vehicles. It has a top speed on land of 70 km/h and can reach 12 km/h at sea. The vehicle provides room for 18 dismounts and three crew, all provided with blast and ballistic protection.[8] The base structure of the hull is built from 5000 series aluminium alloys selected for their corrosion resistance and ease of welding. Ceramic armour is fitted over the top of the aluminium to provide ballistic protection. The aluminium in the bottom of the hull is fitted with supports and thickened for blast resistance. It has a 30% buoyancy reserve and can travel at 12 km/h in Sea State 2. It is capable of travelling in Sea State 4 (1.25 to 2.5 metre waves) with the addition of a special kit.

FNSS also manufactures the Kunduz armoured amphibious bulldozer, which requires a crew of two and uses an aluminium hull to provide weight-efficient blast and ballistic protection as well as the necessary buoyancy reserve. The 19 tonne vehicle can travel at 8 km/h on water using two waterjets or 45 km/h on land, and it uses a fixed dozer blade (which relies on the vehicle's hydro-pneumatic suspension system for elevation and depression), to provide earth-moving capabilities.[9] Both vehicles are used by the Turkish armed forces and reflect the importance placed upon amphibious capabilities by Turkey. The Zaha was developed to provide the Turkish armed forces with an amphibious capability to launch from the TCG Anadolu LHD. The Anadolu is expected to carry uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) as well as more conventional fixed- and rotary-wing systems. Alongside 27 Zahas, it will also have room for 13 tanks.[10] Overall, it will represent potent vessel in terms of capability, providing that it can be protected from the anti-ship cruise missiles that have spread throughout the Middle East.

The AAV7 is probably the best-known amphibious AFV. It has been through multiple upgrades and modifications and deployed operationally to Afghanistan. However, the USMC is seeking is replacement in the wheeled 8×8 ACV. The ACV is manufactured and developed by BAE Systems and is based on Iveco Defence Vehicles' SuperAV design. It reached its initial operating capability in 2020 and more than 200 had been delivered in an APC configuration by March 2023.[11] The vehicle is being developed into several variants; the ACV-P is the standard APC, the ACV-30 will carry a Kongsberg RT20 turret armed with a 30 mm cannon.[12] There is also the ACV-C command variant, a recovery variant and plans for a reconnaissance variant.


The ACV has been developed to replace the AAV in USMC service. It has experienced some teething problems, which is to be expected of an AFV trying to achieve such a complex set of design requirements.

The ACV is a 32 tonne vehicle with space for three crew and 13 dismounts. It can travel 19 km on open ocean at speeds greater than 11 km/h, with a 400 km range once ashore. The vehicles are designed for ship-to-shore operations and are provided with blast protection that is close to that of a mine-resistant, ambush protected (MRAP) type vehicle, as well as protection against ballistic threats.[13] As the vehicles are still relatively young for an armoured vehicle family, they are still exhibiting teething problems. Some were found to roll in surf heights that exceeded 1.3 meters in 2022.[14] The ACV-C has been found to lack sufficient beyond line-of-sight (BLOS) radio capacity to command battalion or regimental operations on the move. At the moment, crew must stop the vehicle and set up additional antennas to achieve this.[15] Initial testing also found that the vehicles were struggling to meet their required mean time between operational failures, although this was primarily attributed to the remote weapon station.[16]

Furthermore, the ACV has been used as the test bed for two futuristic trials. In February 2023, BAE tested the Stalker and Indago small uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) on an ACV-Command, Control, Communication and Computers, Uncrewed Aerial Systems (ACV-C4UAS) variant.[17] The UAVs were provided by Lockheed Martin's Skunkworks to conduct long-range reconnaissance. Later that year, the ACV-C4UAS variant was used in a manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T) trial, where it worked alongside the Rex MK II Unmanned Infantry Combat Support System from Elta.[18] The Rex MK II can perform several roles including ISR, logistics support and it can carry weapons. It is not clear what capacity it was used in during this demonstration. However, it is clear that MUM-T is an area of importance for amphibious vehicles, as shown by other amphibious vehicle programmes.


Two ACVs are shown here along with the Rex II unmanned vehicle from IAI/Elta. MUM-T may provide greater situational awareness and reduce casualties during amphibious operations. However, they do add challenges in terms of logistics, maintenance, and support.

Japan, for example is developing a tracked amphibious vehicle under a project called Future Amphibious Technology Research (FAT-R) in cooperation with the US. Japan is home to more than 200 islands, many of them surrounded by extensive coral reefs. In the event of an opponent seizing those islands, Japan expects to use amphibious forces to rapidly retake them. The FAT-R is designed around completing this mission, and to that end is powered by a 3,000 hp engine with rubber tracks, and a transmission that can generate an "upward driving force". This "upward driving force", combined with the thrust of the waterjets enables the vehicle to climb a 50° slope on a coral reef, and onto its surface, even in shallow waters. Japan has also explored the option of remotely operating the vehicle so that MUM-T can be used to reduce casualties during those operations should they ever occur.

China has also taken a comprehensive approach to its amphibious capabilities and developed the ZBD-05 family of tracked AFVs. The base variant is the ZBD-05 armed with a 30 mm automatic cannon and an externally mounted Red Arrow-73 series ATGM. It provides room for 11 dismounts and requires a crew of three. Notably, the family also includes the ZTD-05, an amphibious variant armed with a 105 mm main gun, and another that can launch a fixed wing reconnaissance drone whilst at sea. All variants are also capable of firing whilst at sea, and this is routinely demonstrated by the PLA in well-oiled training videos. The vehicle is fitted with a bow blade at the front, and a flat blade at the rear, both of which that are extended for swimming and work to create a hydroplaning effect, according to the PLA. As it enters the water, the suspension raises the roadwheels and tracks to reduce drag, and the engine's hp is increased to 1,500, resulting in a reported top swim speed of 25 km/h. Firepower is a critical component for amphibious vehicles – they must be able to win a firefight upon reaching the shore, and this is where doctrine becomes important.

Fighting with amphibious vehicles
US doctrine states that there are many reasons to conduct amphibious operations, and that many of them are far different from the archetypal image of a D-day style landing with waves of infantry borne ashore in landing craft. Within this operational category, amphibious vehicles can play a variety of important roles, regardless of the operation type. They might deter an aggressor during an evacuation, for example, or provide a rapid manoeuvre option to outflank an opponent from an unexpected direction and turn the tide of a war.

In the US context, amphibious operations are conducted by an Amphibious Force, which consists of an Amphibious Task Force (ATF) and a Landing Force. An ATF may consist of various assets from the US Navy, Military Sea Lift Command, and Maritime Administration assets.[19] The Landing Force is provided by the USMC or US Army. They operate together to conduct ship-to-shore operations, potentially from over the horizon. It observes that the sea offers a large manoeuvre space for amphibious operations, and that the ATF commander should seek to maximise the use and effects of electronic warfare, deception, firepower, and developments in command and control to achieve surprise or advantage. It also states that the preferrable tactic against heavily defended positions is to bypass them, which of course requires manoeuvre at sea and excellent situational awareness.


The ZTD-05 deployed by China is armed with a 105 mm main gun that it can fire whilst at sea. The PLA places a premium on the delivery of firepower from its amphibious vehicles during the ship-to-shore phase of an operation.

If an enemy position cannot be bypassed, the ATF will have to engage it from the sea using precision strike assets delivered from the sea and air. It is clear that the process of building and deploying an Amphibious Force as well as building combat power ashore leads to multiple complexities and points of vulnerability. This requires the effective coordination of all arms of the military if it is to be successful. Firepower plays an important role, especially in a world where anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs) have proliferated so widely, potentially holding amphibious task forces at risk, whilst anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) will likely present a threat to amphibious vehicles as soon as they come within range. Furthermore, the quantity of amphibious vehicles deployed by most nations is much smaller than those used in the past. So, it stands to reason that the risk of an amphibious force suffering catastrophic losses – given the greater accuracy of modern weapons, and the lower number of vehicles that can be deployed – is perhaps higher than ever before.

Once ashore, amphibious vehicles must maintain excellent mobility to widen a beachhead and drive the opposing forces away from the next wave of troops that will inevitably follow. This combination of mobility and lethality is important for all vehicles, but an amphibious platform can expect to find sand both wet and dry, shingle, clay, and many other substances that are challenging for armoured vehicles. With exceptions such as ZTD-05, most will rely on their dismounts to supplement their on-board firepower, as well as very close cooperation with supporting arms to defeat well-emplaced and protected opponents. It should therefore go without saying, that amphibious operations are also inherently combined arms operations, and they should not be expected to succeed without combined arms coordination.

In sum
Every vehicle covered in this article is capable of, or in future practice likely to perform with some form of MUM-T. While it is generally true that land platforms are moving in this direction, it is likely that amphibious platform users will develop unique MUM-T use cases in establishing and securing beachheads. Beyond this, the design constraints imposed on armoured vehicles by physics are apparent. None of the designs here are radically new in terms of their capabilities, and all must take account of and balance, wave height, terramechanics, and likely threats within their design. Finally, in any operation, amphibious vehicles will require extensive combined arms support. Regardless of the scale of MUM-T that occurs, they will require close air support, air defence, and naval gunfire throughout an opponent's depth to be successful in many situations. In this regard, the nature of securing a beachhead is not all that different from 1944. Overall, perhaps it is the case that while the platforms securing a beachhead may change, the nature of operations required to do so successfully will not. As such, a country's ability to deliver in this regard matters most.

https://euro-sd.com/2024/03/articles/36849/beachheads-and-amphibious-armour/

[Parera]

Singapore stellt neuen Schützenpanzer 8×8 vor
https://soldat-und-technik.de/2024/02/mobilitaet/36951/singapore-stellt-neuen-schuetzenpanzer-8x8-vor/