Internationale ontwikkelingen maritiem

[silvester herc]

https://www.defensenews.com/unmanned/2023/09/07/britain-tests-transport-drones-ability-to-land-take-off-from-ship/ voor meer zie link
LONDON — A twin-engine transport drone has landed on the deck of a British aircraft carrier in what the Royal Navy said is a first for the service.

The drone, dubbed HCMC, flew on and off the deck of the HMS Prince of Wales during a trial near the coast of Cornwall, southwest England, the Royal Navy announced Sept. 7.

[silvester herc]

https://www.defensenews.com/unmanned/2023/09/07/britain-tests-transport-drones-ability-to-land-take-off-from-ship/ voor meer zie link
LONDON — A twin-engine transport drone has landed on the deck of a British aircraft carrier in what the Royal Navy said is a first for the service.

The drone, dubbed HCMC, flew on and off the deck of the HMS Prince of Wales during a trial near the coast of Cornwall, southwest England, the Royal Navy announced Sept. 7.

[Benji87]

Ik denk dat de Duitser hun behoefte in eerste opzicht anders is dan die van onze behoeftes. Het Duitse seebataillon richt zich veel meer op boardings, kustverdediging en verkenningen. In tegenstelling tot ons korps wat meer richting "small unit raids" wil gaan. Dat vereist twee totaal verschillende schepen. De Duitsers kunnen beter samenwerken met de Britten wat dat betreft

[Harald]

Mehr als nur Tender  (NTV130, toch LPD- achtige schepen voor Duitsland of kijken ze naar NL voor de LPX ? )


De toekomstige CH-47 transporthelikopters moeten kunnen landen op de NTV 130

(vertaald via Google Translate)

De klasse 404-tenders zullen naar verwachting binnen minder dan tien jaar worden vervangen. De Marine wil graag dat de nieuwe schepen de mogelijkheid krijgen om extra taken op zich te nemen. Op basis hiervan heeft de NVL-werf een eerste ontwerp gepresenteerd.

In het streefbeeld voor de jaren na 2035 voorziet het marinecommando zes ondersteunende eenheden ter vervanging van de Type 404-tender. De modulaire platforms zijn bedoeld om "organische logistiek, operationele ondersteuning inclusief verkenning" te garanderen, aldus de samenvatting van taken en mogelijkheden in de Marine 2035+ doelbrochure. In lezingen wordt het pakket door vertegenwoordigers van de marineleiding uitgebreid met "amfibische operaties, leiding, transport inclusief transport van gewonden". Ze worden ook beschreven als onderdeel van een systeem van een operationele groep met en zonder autonome systemen.

https://marineforum.online/mehr-als-nur-tender/

[Harald]

Austal USA To Build LCU 1700 Vessels For US Navy



Austal press release

Austal USA was awarded a $91,535,551 fixed-price incentive and firm-fixed-price type modification to definitize a previously awarded contract for the detail design and construction of three Landing Craft Utility (LCU) 1700 class craft. The contract also includes options for nine additional craft and associated support efforts.

"Austal USA is honored to be able to build this important connector for the U.S. Navy," commented Dave Growden, vice president of new construction projects. "We recognize the critical role this platform plays in supporting expeditionary operations for the Navy and Marine Corps and are looking forward to continuing to deliver ships and boats to our customers on time and on budget."

LCU are carried aboard amphibious assault ships to the objective area and used across a range of military operations to deliver vehicles, personnel and cargo from sea-to-shore and back. These connectors provide a heavy-lift capability and can carry about the same payload capacity as seven C-17 aircraft.

Austal USA continues to diversify its product line in both steel and aluminum.  Production is ongoing for two Navy Towing, Salvage and Rescue Ships (T-ATS) and the Navy's 90,800 square-foot Auxiliary Floating Dry Dock Medium (AFDM) on the company's state-of-the-art steel line.  Austal USA also holds multi-ship contracts for the Navy's TAGOS-25 ocean surveillance ship and the U.S. Coast Guard's Heritage-class Offshore Patrol Cutter (OPC) programs.

-End-

Naval News Comments:

The US Navy's plans call for buying 30 LCU-1700s, but it remains unclear how the construction will be divided between Austal USA and Swiftships LLC, the current builder of the LCU 1700. According to Navy budget documents, Swiftships has struggled with the construction of the LCU 1700 craft, citing several issues that range from labor issues, and material availability to design issues.

Due to the pressing need to replace the aging LCU 1610, the Navy brought in Austal USA as a second source to handle the construction of the LCU-1700. Four of the five Fiscal Year 2021 craft that were initially awarded to Swiftships are now being awarded to Austal USA. The company will also receive contracts for four craft planned for FY2022.

The contract awarded to Austal USA follows several major contracts the company has been awarded in the last few years. Austal USA's future was a bit uncertain as work on the Independence Class Littoral Combat Ship started to wind down in recent years.

However, in anticipation, the company began investing in a steel production facility. This allowed Austal USA to expand their business line beyond the capabilities of the current line which was limited to building aluminum ships. This investment is starting to pay off as the company now has a solid backlog of work ranging from Auxiliary Floating Drydocks, Towing, Salvage, and Rescue ships to the Coast Guard's Offshore Patrol Cutter.

https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/09/austal-usa-to-build-lcu-1700-vessels-for-us-navy/

[Harald]

En als de geruchten kloppen is de KM naar andere raketten aan het kijken dus misschien ook iets voor de KM?

Dan ben ik ook benieuwd of de Naval Iron Dome van Israël ook bekeken wordt voor de KM.

[Parera]

MBDA And PGZ Join Forces On CAMM-MR Development

MBDA and PGZ have signed an agreement to co-operate on developing a new CAMM medium-range low-cost interceptor at MSPO 2023 in Kielce.

https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/09/mbda-and-pgz-join-forces-on-camm-mr-development/

Een interessante raket, met 2 stuks per Mk41 VLS cell en een bereik van >100 km net een stapje hoger dan de ESSM block 2 maar wel iets minder capabel dan de SM-2 III maar door de 2 raketten per cell wel een dubbel aantal raketten mogelijk. En als de geruchten kloppen is de KM naar andere raketten aan het kijken dus misschien ook iets voor de KM?

[Parera]

KONGSBERG signs Naval Strike Missile Coastal Defence System contract with Poland worth approximately NOK 16 billion

5 September 2023 – Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (KONGSBERG) has been awarded contract worth approximately NOK 16 billion by the Polish Ministry of National Defence to deliver four NSM (Naval Strike Missile) Coastal Defence System (CDS) squadrons. 

Poland was the first nation to acquire the NSM CDS capability in 2008, and then with an additional squadron in 2014. The contract award builds on more than a decade of successful cooperation between KONGSBERG, the Polish Government and Polish industry. The new deliveries will carry on into the 2030s.
"This contract is the largest single contract in the history of KONGSBERG and is an important milestone in our more than 200 year long history. Poland has been a long-standing partner, and we are proud to sign this agreement. With the changed security situation in Europe, Poland is firm in its commitment to ensure important defence capabilities, and for KONGSBERG as an industry partner, this ensures predictability to invest and continue to build capacity to deliver on these needs", says Geir Håøy, President and CEO of KONGSBERG.

"The NSM coastal defence system plays a significant role in supporting nations' ability to defend their territory and citizens. We are proud to support Poland in building up such a capability. The determination demonstrated by the Polish Ministry of National Defence to acquire more NSM CDS is a sign of trust and confirms that our system represents the most effective capability available" said Eirik Lie, President of Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace.

The Coastal Defence System is using NASAMS command and control with NSM control functionality. Polish industry will contribute to significant parts of the scope, including the communication system, vehicles and part of the command and control system, as well as taking part in system integration activities.

As part of the contract, KONGSBERG will provide training and technical support, including simulators, to enable Polish personnel to conduct maintenance services in Poland.

The NSM can be launched from both land- and sea-based platforms and is already in use by, or under delivery to, 12 countries. The NSM is a fifth generation Strike Missile and regarded as the most advanced naval strike missile in the world, initially developed by KONGSBERG for the Norwegian Navy. The missile's stealth design makes it difficult to detect and its seeker system enables Autonomous Target Recognition of the targets. 

The contract is dependent on approved export financing. The financing is expected to be finalized within a few weeks.

https://www.edrmagazine.eu/kongsberg-signs-naval-strike-missile-coastal-defence-system-contract-with-poland-worth-approximately-nok-16-billion

[Poleme]

Zo had een MCM / OPV combinatie er dus ook uit kunnen zien.

De Deense marine is wat mij betreft een hele goede kandidaat partner voor onze eigen KM, daarnaast is het ook voor beide industrieën interessant om samen te kunnen werken.
+/- 2033 vervanging Absalon klasse, komt redelijk overeen met onze LPX ideeën.

De MCM en OPV rollen zijn totaal verschillend van elkaar.  Dat begint al bij de rompvormen, die niets gemeen hebben met elkaar.  Dit Deense missie modulaire concept is voor TE kleine marines.  Leuk idee voor de politici en MinFin ambtenaren die in hun vergaderzalen te krappe spread-sheets nastreven.
  Maar in de praktijk werkt het niet.

De Absalon klasse wordt door de US Navy geclassificeerd als een mini-LPD met extra zware bewapening.
Dze diende weer als basis voor de Iver Huitfeldt AAW fregat klasse.  Werd ook aangeboden aan de US Navy als basis voor de Constellation klasse.  Werd echter direct afgewezen.  Want gebouwd volgens civiele standaarden en dus een veel te laag incasseringsvermogen.

De Absalon klasse had oorspronkelijk een L-code op boeg staan.  Het totale motorvermogen / tonnage verhouding was iets slechter dan bij de Holland OPV klasse.  1,5 knoop sneller, maar ook iets logger.  Waren van het begin af aan al voorzien  van torpedobuizen en boeg-sonar.  Door een hoger onderzeeboot dreiging werd in 2020 de Absalon klasse opgewaardeerd naar ASW fregat door toevoeging van sleep-sonar en de boorheli's werden voorzien van dip sonar, sonoboeien en torpedo's.

Ons huidige LPX concept is een Kruising tussen een (mini) LPD en OPV.
Maar sinds 2013 wordt ons Korps Mariniers omgevormd naar een lichtere en snellere Special Operations capabele raiding force.  De KM en Europese NAVO marines hebben te weinig fregatten, te weinig maritieme patrouille vliegtuigen, te weinig MCM capaciteit, luchtoverwicht is niet meer gegarandeerd.
De WW 2 geschiedenis laat echter zien dat amfibische operaties onder deze omstandigheden 86 % kans hebben om niet te slagen.
De US Navy beperkte zich in de eerste helft van WW 2 dan ook op special forces operations achtige amfibische raids.  Die waren gebaseerd op kleinschalig, zo snel mogelijk en zo onvoorspelbaar mogelijke inzet.  Dit maakte nogal indruk op de Jappen, die spraken van Ninja senso (senso = manier) operaties.
De US Navy kruiste echter amfibische transportschepen niet met langzame en logge OPV's.
Men ging voor High Speed Transports, later bekend als Auxilary Personnel Destroyers (APD).  Want oude destroyers werden verbouwd voor de amfibisch transport rol.  Hadden een groot incasseringsvermogen, waarbij een groot deel van de bewapening en snelheid in stand werd gehouden.

[Parera]

Zo had een MCM / OPV combinatie er dus ook uit kunnen zien.

De Deense marine is wat mij betreft een hele goede kandidaat partner voor onze eigen KM, daarnaast is het ook voor beide industrieën interessant om samen te kunnen werken.

+/- 2033 vervanging Absalon klasse, komt redelijk overeen met onze LPX ideeën.

[Harald]

Ik heb het vermoeden dat Zweden een nieuw Stridsbåt type aan het ontwikkelen is, een CB90 achtig vaartuig maar dan langer, 16 tot 20 meter. (doorontwikkeling, vergroting van de CB90 ?)
Ze willen dit type vaartuig uitrusten met een RWS 30mm (30x113mm), een short-range Anti-Ship Missile (ASM) of Surface-to-Surface (SSM) Missile system en een Short-Range Air Defense (SHORAD) systems.
Ze spreken over een aantal van 8 tot 12 vaartuigen.

Ik ben erg benieuwd naar deze ontwikkeling.

De Laatste verbeterde versie (HSM) van de CB90 werd in 2021 in London aan de wereld laten zien, deze was voorzien van RWS 12,7mm (0.5).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=epbzbRgTNdU

[23FMVU10259] RFI Autocannon System
1. Introduction

The Swedish Defense Material Administration (FMV) has been tasked by the Swedish Armed Forces to enhance the capabilities of the Amphibious Battalions through the integration of a suitable 30 mm auto-cannon system. This system should possess the capability to engage targets effectively both on land and at sea, including airborne targets such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and helicopters. This will bolster coastal defense and ensuring the safety of our maritime operations.

This Request for Information (RFI) serves as the initial phase in our acquisition process, designed to gather comprehensive and pertinent details and insights from industry-leading companies regarding their 30 mm auto-cannon systems.
The 30 mm auto-cannon system will be deployed on the Combat Boat (CB) utilized by the Amphibious Battalions of the Swedish Armed Forces. This platform shares several common features with the existing Combat Boat 90 (Strb90) currently in service.

2. Combat Boat

The platform on which the system will be installed is of a combat boat size with a length of approximately 16 to 20 meters and has traits in common with Combat Boat 90 (CB90, Strb90).

It is crucial to note that the chosen system must adhere to the specific structural limitations of the CB90 boat. The integration should be carried out in a manner that ensures the overall structural integrity and stability of the platform. Therefore, the weight, overall size and reaction forces of the 30 mm auto-cannon system must also be considered and adhere to the maximum weight capacity of the CB90.

The CB90 boat, being the designated platform for the integration of the auto-cannon system, has defined weight restrictions that need to be respected. To ensure the proper functioning and safety of the boat, the weight of the auto-cannon system must be within the permissible limits. Additionally, it is essential to minimize the effect of system integration on the CB90 boat's overall mass distribution and center of gravity. This is crucial to maintain the boat's maneuverability, stability, and operational performance.
4. Requirements and Scope

We are seeking information on 30 mm cannon systems capable of engaging and neutralizing a wide range of aerial threats, including helicopters, low-flying aircraft, small vessels, patrol boats, and unmanned aerial systems (UAS).

The cannon systems should be designed for the 30x113 mm ammunition and incorporate a recoil suppression system to accommodate the platform's structural load limitations. The systems should be suitable for deployment on marine platforms in the Nordic climate zone, without compromising mobility and adaptability to varying operational scenarios and sea states. It is crucial to include details regarding the sensitivity of the ammunition (If applicable) and measures implemented to ensure safe handling, storage, and operation of the cannon systems. Additionally, information on the power supply requirements and recommendations for integration into existing power systems on our marine platforms is necessary.
https://www.kommersannons.se/fmv/Notice ... ntId=49239


[23FMVU10260] RFI Anti-Ship Missile or Surface-to-Surface Missile System
1. Introduction

Swedish Defense Material Administration (FMV) has been tasked by the Swedish Armed Forces to upgrade the Amphibious Battalions with suitable short-range Anti-Ship Missile (ASM) or Surface-to-Surface (SSM) Missile system capable of engaging targets both at sea and land, to enhance coastal defense capabilities and ensure the security of maritime assets.

This Request for Information (RFI) serves as an initial step in our acquisition process to gather relevant detailed information and insights from industry-leading companies regarding their short-range ASM or SSM missile systems.
The short-range ASM or SSM missile system will be deployed on a Combat Boat (CB) of the Amphibious Battalions of Swedish Armed Forces. The selected systems will enhance our offensive capabilities, enabling effective engagement of maritime targets and ensuring the safety of our maritime operations.

2. Combat Boat

The platform on which the system will be installed is of a combat boat size with a length of approximately 16 to 20 meters and has traits in common with Combat Boat 90 (CB90, Strb90).

CB system will be a very fast military assault ship with exceptional agility. This platform will be able to decelerate and accelerate very fast and is capable of executing extremely sharp turns with good maneuverability.
4. Requirements and Scope

We seek information on short-range ASM and SSM systems capable of engaging and neutralizing land and maritime targets, including Amphibious assault ships, landing craft, and other surface threats encountered in coastal and near-shore environments.

The missile system should be optimized for short to medium-range engagements typically within 10 to 70 km in archipelago or close to the shores and will be installed on 8 to 12 Combat boats.

The systems should be compatible with our CB onboard systems e.g. electric power system available, space etc., ensuring seamless integration without compromising the platform's structural integrity, stability, or maneuverability in varying operational scenarios and sea state conditions.

Participants are required to inform FMV on targeting and guidance systems compatibility and peripheral system requirements for the missile system. Details regarding the power supply requirements and recommendations for integration are essential.
https://www.kommersannons.se/fmv/Notice ... ntId=49240


[23FMVU10258] RFI VSHORAD or SHORAD Systems
1. Introduction

Swedish Defense Material Administration (FMV) has been tasked by the Swedish Armed Forces to upgrade the Amphibious Battalions with suitable Man-Portable Air Defense (VSHORAD) and/or Short-Range Air Defense (SHORAD) systems to safeguard coastal regions and ensure the security of maritime assets. This Request For Information (RFI) serves as an initial step in our acquisition process to gather relevant details and insights from industry-leading companies regarding their VSHORAD and SHORAD systems.
The system will be deployed on a Combat Boat (CB) of the Amphibious Battalions of Swedish Armed Forces. The selected systems will enhance our offensive capabilities, enabling effective engagement of aerial targets and ensuring the safety of our maritime operations.

2. Combat Boat

The platform on which the system will be installed is of a combat boat size with a length of
approximately 16 to 20 meters and has traits in common with Combat Boat 90 (CB90, Strb90).

CB system will be a very fast military assault ship with exceptional agility. This platform will be able to decelerate and accelerate rapidly and will be capable of executing extremely sharp turns with good maneuverability.
4. Requirements and Scope

We seek information on VSHORAD and SHORAD systems capable of engaging and neutralizing a wide range of aerial threats, including helicopters, low-flying aircrafts, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). The systems should be optimized for short-range engagements, typically within a few kilometers, to counter threats in the archipelago, urban maritime and near-shore environment. This system will be installed on 8 to 12 Combat boats.

The systems should be compatible with our CB systems e.g. electric power system available, space etc., and ensuring seamless integration without compromising the platform's structural integrity, stability, or maneuverability in varying operational scenarios and sea state conditions.

Participants are required to inform FMV on targeting and guidance systems compatibility and peripheral system requirements for the system. Details regarding the power supply requirements and recommendations for integration into existing power systems on-board CBs are essential.
https://www.kommersannons.se/fmv/Notice ... ntId=49241


[23FMVU10251] RFI Remote Weapon Station (RWS)
1. Introduction

The Swedish Defense Material Administration (FMV) has been entrusted by the Swedish Armed Forces to undertake the upgrading of Amphibious Battalions with suitable Remote Weapon Station (RWS) systems capable of engaging both stationary and moving targets. This initiative aims to bolster coastal defense capabilities and ensure the safeguarding of maritime assets.
The weapon stations will be deployed on Combat Boats (CB) of the Amphibious Battalions of
Swedish Armed Forces. The selected system will enhance our offensive capabilities, enabling
effective engagement of targets in land, at sea and in air to ensure the safety of our maritime
operations.

2. Combat Boat

The platform on which the system will be installed is of a combat boat size with a length of
approximately 16 to 20 meters and has traits in common with Combat Boat 90 (CB90, Strb90).

CB system will be a very fast military assault ship with exceptional agility. This platform will
be able to decelerate and accelerate very fast and is capable of executing extremely sharp turns
with good maneuverability.

Participants are requested to consider this vessel size when proposing their systems and ensure
compatibility with the specified dimensions and stability requirements.

The CB will have a maximum length of 19.5 m and will share many traits with Stb90 (CB90).
4. Requirements and Scope

We seek information on remote weapon stations capable of caring weapons with caliber up to
30 mm for engaging and neutralizing land, air and maritime targets, including highly
maneuverable UAVs, and other surface threats encountered in coastal and near-shore
environments.

The system must be able to track and engage moving targets at medium range from a moving
platform.

The systems should be compatible with our CB onboard systems e.g. electric power system
available, space etc., ensuring seamless integration without compromising the platform's
structural integrity, stability, or maneuverability in varying operational scenarios and sea state
conditions.

Participants are required to inform FMV on targeting and sensor systems compatibility and
peripheral system requirements for the RWS. Details regarding the power supply requirements
and recommendations for integration into existing power systems on-board CBs are essential.

Information on training programs, technical support, and maintenance services provided by the
manufacturers or suppliers should be included. Please provide details about the training
curriculum, availability of training personnel, and any ongoing support arrangements offered.
https://www.kommersannons.se/fmv/Notice ... ntId=49242

[Parera]

Japan's Missile Defense Ships Will Now Be Multi-Role, Cruiser-Like

Japan's fast-evolving plans to build two new ballistic missile defense, or BMD vessels have taken a new turn, with officials now focusing on a cruiser-like design that is more multi-role oriented. If realized, this class will be the biggest Japanese surface combatant since World War II.

https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/japans-missile-defense-ships-will-now-be-multi-role-cruiser-like


Via X @ryankakiuchan

Thread on Japan's Aegis system equipped vessel (ASEV).

-190 meters long
-25 meters wide
-12,000 tons standard displacement
-240 crewmembers
-128 VLS cells (SM-6/SM-3 Block IIA/Tomahawk)
-Type 12 anti-ship missile

[Harald]

Rheinmetall awards contract to supply Australia smart sea mines

According to a PR published by Rheinmetall on August 29, 2023, the Commonwealth of Australia has awarded RWM Italia S.p.A., an Italian subsidiary of Rheinmetall AG, a multimillion-euro contract.

The deal involves the delivery of a substantial quantity of cutting-edge smart sea mines, placing Rheinmetall's order value in the low three-digit million-euro bracket, with anticipated expansions in subsequent years.

.../...

https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2023/august/13508-rheinmetall-awards-contract-to-supply-australia-smart-sea-mines.html

Extra info :

Australia Procures New Smart Sea Mines
https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/08/australia-procures-new-smart-sea-mines/

Delivery is expected to commence in 2023.

RWM Italia was showcasing two types of sea mines: The Murena and the new Asteria.

[Huzaar1]

Daarom zou het dus ook een goede indicator zijn van het instorten van Rusland.
Als het gebeurd, wat inderdaad nog maar de vraag is, is dat echt een teken aan de wand.

Rusland was al niet in staat om haar krijgsmacht voldoende te moderniseren voor het conflict, en het lijkt er momenteel niet op alsof ze er sterker uitkomen. Ze zijn gewoon te klein, en hun traditionele partners gaan hun eigen weg (zie India met FGFA -> AMCA). Rusland zal zelf junior partner moeten worden.

En ja, ze hebben op het westen natuurlijk een enorm voordeel in PPP, maar tov bijvoorbeeld India of Egypte valt dat dan wel weer mee.

En uiteindelijk moet er moet dat geld ook wat gebeuren:

https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/18573155
MOSKOU, 24 augustus. /TAS/. De kosten van reparatie en modernisering van de zware nucleaire raketkruiser (TARKR) "Admiral Nakhimov" van project 1144.2 "Orlan" van de Noordelijke Vloot, uitgevoerd in Sevmash (onderdeel van de United Shipbuilding Corporation), bedragen al meer dan 200 miljard roebel. Dit werd aan TASS gemeld door een bron dicht bij de Russische marine.

Dat is dus ~2 miljard USD, of in PPP zo'n 7 miljard USD (https://data.oecd.org/conversion/purchasing-power-parities-ppp.htm).

Ze hadden ook zo'n 6 Gorshkovs kunnen kopen, wat echt prima schepen zijn, maar hebben ze weer niet gedaan.
Er zijn genoeg paden voor Rusland om een sterke toekomst te hebben, maar hun systeem lijkt niet in staat die wegen te bewandelen.

We zien deze junior partner constructie natuurlijk nu al met (o.a.) de Geran, en ik verwacht dat we dit ook voor big ticket items gaan zien. Mits de collapse doorzet.

Op die wijze begrijp ik wat je zegt, ik ben het met je eens. Teken aan de wand in dat geval.

[Parera]

Video: SH Defence Modular Mine Laying And Seabed Warfare Systems

https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/08/video-sh-defence-modular-mine-laying-and-seabed-warfare-systems/

Hier zou onze KM ook weer in moeten investeren wat mij betreft, een mooie toevoeging op de nieuwe MCM's en/of hulpvaartuigen.